ABSTRACT
Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis [ZCL] is an increasing health problems in many rural areas of Iran. The aim of this study was to introduce a new alternative rodenticide to control the reservoirs of ZCL, its effect on the vector density and the incidence of the disease in hyperendemic focus of Esfahan County, central Iran. The study was carried out from January 2011 to January 2012. In intervention areas, rodent control operation was conducted using zinc phosphide or Coumavec. Active case findings were done by house-to-house visits once every season during 2011-2012. To evaluate the effect of rodent control operation on the vector density, sand flies were collected twice a month using sticky traps. The reduction rate of rodent holes in intervention areas with Coumavec and zinc phosphide were 48.46% and 58.15% respectively, whereas in control area results showed 6.66 folds intensification. The Incidence of ZCL significantly reduced in the treated areas. Totally, 3200 adult sand flies were collected and identified in the intervention and control areas. In the treated area with zinc phosphide, the density of Phlebotomus papatasi was higher in outdoors in contrast with the treated area by Coumavec which the density of the sand fly was higher in indoors. Both rodenticides were effective on the incidence of ZCL and the population of the reservoirs as well. Coumavec seems to be effective on the outdoor density of the vector. This combination of rodenticide-insecticide could be a suitable alternative for zinc phosphide while bait shyness or behavioral resistance is occurred
ABSTRACT
Irritable Bowel Syndrome [IBS] is the most common gastrointestinal disorder in clinical medicine, since it is not founded biological basis for it, role of psychological causes is investigated in creation of it. To compare the personality characteristics between three groups of patients with Diarrhea dominant, Constipation dominant and dominant of Altering type and investigating the gender, family background of IBS and length of illness. Eighty five patients were selected through temporal classical random method and included of 21 patients with Diarrhea dominant, 30 patients with Constipation dominant and 340 patient with Altering type]. Patients were diagnosed by a gastroenterologist and using the ROME criteria after clinical evaluation and endoscopy. Personality inventory [NEOPI-R] made by Mc Crue and Kosta containing big five personality factors was used for investigating the samples personality characteristics. Demographic characteristics and other groups were recognized by question made at the first of main questionnaire. The groups eperated of each other. Analysis of data indicated that there were no significantly differences between the personality characterisrics in three groups of patients. Extraversion was significantly higher in patients with family background of IBS and patients who had IBS more than six mounth and had reported stress gained higher score at neuroticism in comparison with patients who had IBS less than 6 month and had not report stress. Psychological factors participated at quality of illness experience. Neuroticism may be correlated with quality of illness experience [with stress and high length of illness]. Thus personality characteristics should be considred as an important factor in improvement of IBS patients by psychiatrics and specialists